Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics

The Geopolitical Importance of the Shiite Crescent and Its Future in Global Developments

Sajad Kamri *

The Shiite Crescent, which includes Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen, plays a vital role in the political, economic, and security developments of the Middle East and the broader international arena. Due to its geographical location and religious affiliations, this region has become a center of complex rivalries among global and regional powers. The policies of the United States and Russia—particularly regarding their support for or opposition to Iran and its affiliated groups—have significant impacts on the internal and security dynamics of these countries. The future of the Shiite Crescent, especially in the face of external threats such as sanctions and international pressures, will continue to present both challenges and opportunities as a key region for global rivalries. Strengthening ties with non-Western powers such as China and Russia, as well as fostering internal cooperation among the countries in this region, can serve as opportunities for economic advancement and the reinforcement of the Shiite Crescent’s political standing on the global stage. However, internal crises, regional rivalries, and security threats may pose serious risks to regional and global stability. Overall, the Shiite Crescent is likely to remain a strategic and influential actor in international affairs.

Retributive Criminal Justice and Recidivism

Mahsa Ardalani *

; Seyed Aliasghar Mirshojaei

, Mahmoud Habibitabar

The present study aims to investigate the role of deterrence through punishment and the implementation of retributive criminal justice in recidivism, with particular emphasis on the role of restorative justice in the repetition of criminal behavior. It further examines the improper implementation of rehabilitative and reformative punishments and their effect on recidivism, and offers legislative strategies for reducing and preventing crime in society. The research method employed in this study is library-based in terms of data collection and is categorized under note-taking as the collection technique. Moreover, this study is considered both comparative and deductive in nature. The findings of this research indicate that retributive criminal justice is crime-centered, and that the offender must face a punitive reaction equivalent to the moral harm they have caused. In contrast, in restorative justice, the legislator seeks to improve the treatment of the offender and aims to reduce the likelihood of recidivism through proper rehabilitation and supportive measures. Nonetheless, it is undeniable that neither approach can be deemed entirely correct or entirely flawed. Each approach yields different results depending on varying cultural, social, political, economic, and behavioral conditions. Therefore, the impact of these approaches on recidivism is contingent upon multiple factors.

Possible Legal Protections for Paintings Used in Architecture

Masoomeh Mobarakian

; Morteza Shahbazinia *

; Sattar Zarkalam

Intellectual property law in the fields of architecture and painting has become a reliable foundation for the development of knowledge and technology, as well as the secure commercialization of scientific and technical achievements in the realm of cultural works. The present study aims to examine the possible legal protections for paintings used in architecture. The research method is descriptive-analytical, utilizing library resources. The findings indicate that legal protections for paintings incorporated into architecture, as part of artistic and creative works, benefit from multiple legal capacities in both Iranian and international law. These protections include copyright, patent rights, neighboring rights, and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. Copyright protects paintings used in architecture as an element of artistic creativity by granting the creator exclusive rights through registration and legal guarantees. In cases where a specific innovation or technology plays a role in the creation or execution of paintings, patent protection may also be applicable. Neighboring rights can be used to safeguard the rights of performers or individuals involved in the reproduction or execution of these paintings. Moreover, artificial intelligence, with capabilities such as identification, registration, monitoring, and even the creation of new works, facilitates better management of intellectual property rights. In advanced legal systems, artificial intelligence can be employed for digital registration of works, detection of copyright infringements, and enforcement of intellectual property rights in international projects. In summary, integrating these legal capacities within Iranian and global legal systems can ensure comprehensive protection of architectural paintings and provide support for artists, architects, and stakeholders of such works. However, the adaptation and revision of existing laws are necessary to address emerging challenges.

Examining Iran's Diplomatic Relations from the Perspective of Port Engineering Development

Mohammad Yasin Yazdani

; Maryam Moradi *

; Sohrab Salahi

This study examines Iran’s diplomatic strategies in port engineering development, assessing how international partnerships and geopolitical dynamics influence maritime infrastructure expansion. The research employs a descriptive analysis method, utilizing qualitative content analysis of academic literature, policy documents, and international trade agreements. Data sources include scholarly articles, government reports, and regional cooperation frameworks published between 2021 and 2025. The study explores Iran’s bilateral and multilateral diplomatic engagements, including partnerships with China, India, and Russia, as well as its participation in regional organizations such as the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The analysis focuses on the impact of sanctions, investment barriers, and technological constraints on Iran’s maritime trade policies and port modernization efforts. The study finds that Iran’s port development is heavily shaped by diplomatic engagements, economic sanctions, and strategic alliances with non-Western partners. While Iran has leveraged agreements with China, India, and Russia to secure infrastructure investment and expand trade corridors, financial and technological limitations continue to hinder full-scale modernization. The role of regional cooperation has been instrumental in maintaining maritime connectivity, but sanctions have restricted Iran’s access to global financial institutions and technological advancements. The analysis also highlights both successful and failed diplomatic negotiations in port expansion, illustrating the challenges and opportunities in Iran’s maritime sector. Iran’s diplomatic approach to port development has allowed it to partially circumvent economic restrictions and integrate into alternative trade networks. Strengthening regional alliances, investing in port technology, and enhancing trade diversification strategies will be essential for long-term economic sustainability and global trade competitiveness.

Settlement of Disputes in Shared Water Law with an Emphasis on Judicial Precedent

Seyyedeh Parisa Jalili

, Atefeh Amininia *

, Maryam Afshari

The scope of international law’s jurisdiction over shared rivers, freshwater resources, and other related matters has been established through treaties such as those of Barcelona, Iran and Iraq, Algeria, and Helmand, as well as regional conventions in Europe and the Amazon. These agreements have formed the basis of international water law for its subjects. Regarding the resolution of disputes in this domain, it must be noted that today, international judicial bodies, particularly the International Court of Justice (ICJ), serve as the primary authority in identifying customary international rules. The role of international judicial precedent in interpreting existing legal rules and declaring the customary status of such rules has led to the recognition of Article 38 of the ICJ Statute as a subsidiary source of international law. This means that the ICJ does not directly engage in rule-making but is responsible for identifying existing rules and clarifying ambiguities to facilitate dispute resolution between states. Although the ICJ does not consider the interests and concerns of border populations as a determining factor in defining territorial boundaries and does not directly establish borders based on this criterion, its rulings take into account the interests and concerns of border populations affected by such borders. The Court encourages states to consider this factor when demarcating their borders. In practice, states have demonstrated a degree of recognition of human factors, including environmental considerations, in defining and maintaining their borders. This legal perspective has gradually taken shape among states. Given the significance of borders and the legal framework of shared water resources, this study adopts a descriptive-analytical method to examine the resolution of disputes in shared water law, with an emphasis on judicial precedent.

Tourism Law and Crime Prevention Measures in the Tourism Industry

Sara Rostami *

; Ramin Faghani

Tourism law and crime prevention in countries, as well as the creation of a safe environment and location for tourists, along with adequate awareness and education in this regard, are of significant importance. The present research employs a library-based method and follows a descriptive-analytical approach. Preventive measures, including proactive, social, and situational strategies, can be implemented by tourists, hoteliers, transportation providers, and law enforcement authorities. Crime prevention aligns with social and cultural measures aimed at securing society and addressing the causes and factors contributing to criminal behavior. In crimes against tourists, adopting and implementing preventive measures designed to limit or eliminate opportunities and suitable conditions for committing offenses serves as a foundation for reducing the likelihood of criminal occurrences. Ultimately, crime prevention and the protection of tourists require comprehensive cooperation among governments, international organizations, private entities, and non-governmental organizations. Such cooperation can encompass information exchange, education, strengthening security infrastructure, and raising public awareness to establish a safe environment for tourists. Terrorist attacks have a significant negative impact on the demand for tourism and travel.

The Foundations of Criminalization and the Scope of Discretionary Punishments

Reza Faani *

https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.2.2.4

Criminalization, or the prohibition of conduct with criminal sanctions, constitutes the most severe form of state intervention in restricting citizens’ freedoms and stands in opposition to the principle of liberty. In general, the three principles of harm, paternalism, and legal moralism are the foundational justifications that render state intervention in citizens' rights and freedoms legitimate and defensible, forming the legal bases for the criminalization of discretionary punishments (Ta’zir). In Islamic law, sins are also linked to one of the recognized interests in Islam, known as the five essential interests (Maṣāliḥ Khamsah). However, it must be noted that in Islamic legislation, the scope of sin does not entirely coincide with the scope of crime. The indeterminate nature of discretionary punishments in Islamic law and the authority granted to the Guardian Jurist (Vali-e Faqih) in defining discretionary crimes does not imply unlimited power. Rather, the criminalization of such offenses requires justification and considerations such as adherence to expediency and necessity. The Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles) is also obligated to observe Islamic legal standards in this regard. This article examines the jurisprudential and legal foundations of the criminalization of discretionary punishments.

The Role of Non-Binding Instruments of the International Maritime Organization in the Norm-Setting Process of Regulations Concerning Commercial Ships

Samaneh Khayatian *

The majority of international instruments related to shipping and regulations concerning commercial ships have been developed and adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Given that Iran has extensive maritime borders and that most international trade exchanges occur via sea routes, the present study aims to elucidate the role of non-binding instruments of the IMO in the norm-setting process of regulations concerning commercial ships. The findings of this study, which were collected using a descriptive-analytical method and through library research tools, indicate that non-binding instruments of the IMO play a broad range of roles, including shaping consistent practices, accelerating the formation of binding international instruments, providing appropriate interpretative tools for dispute resolution bodies, and ultimately enhancing international norms within the normative hierarchy of the legal system governing the law of the sea. Consequently, given the extensive roles of these instruments and the necessity of preserving national interests in the field of international shipping, their non-binding nature should not lead to a disregard for their content. Moreover, participation in the adoption process of such instruments should not occur without expert legal, political, and economic assessments.

About the Journal

Editor-in-Chief: Prof Nahide Konak
Owner: KMAN Research Institute
Publisher: KMAN Publication Inc. (KMANPUB)
Contact emails:
journalisslp@kmanpub.com
journalisslp@gmail.com
Open access: YES
Peer-review: Yes (Open Peer-review)

Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics (ISSLP) is a forward-thinking academic journal published by KMAN Publication Inc. (Dubai Office) and supported by the Iranian Association for Sociology of Education. It operates on an innovative, open-access platform, offering a peer-reviewed space dedicated to exploring the intricate connections among society, law, and politics.

ISSLP is committed to cultivating a holistic comprehension of how these realms intersect and influence one another. Our objective is to provide a dynamic forum for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers from diverse backgrounds to exchange research findings, theoretical insights, and practical knowledge. Through this exchange, we aim to enrich our collective understanding of societal structures, political dynamics, and legal principles.

Embracing a broad spectrum of interdisciplinary methodologies, ISSLP seeks to foster a robust discourse that transcends conventional academic boundaries. We welcome contributions that are intellectually rigorous yet accessible to a wide audience, thereby promoting a vibrant dialogue that advances scholarly inquiry and societal discourse.

Current Issue

Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025): Serial Number 12

Published: 2025-02-26

Articles

The Impact of Social Media on the November 2019 Protests in Iran

Shahram Mahboob

; Mansor Sharifi *

; Habibollah Karimiyan Dahaghi
The Rights of Third Parties Under the Principles and Rules Governing the Decision-Making Process in Joint Stock Companies in Iranian and English Law

Somayeh Rahmani

; Mohammad Issaei Tafreshi *

; Habib Ramezani Akerdi

, Esmaeil Abbasi

90-103
- PDF
Solutions to Remove Interferences and Supervisions Inconsistent with the Independence of the Legal Profession in Light of International Mechanisms and the French Legal System

Ali Akbar Shahnazari Karbasoraei

; Valiollah Ansari *

; Azizollah Fazli

1-12
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.1
A Sociological Perspective on an Engineering Issue: Social Consequences of Water Transfer Projects in the Province of Origin

Amir Jafari Azad

, Khalil Mirzaei *

, Seifolah Seifollahi

13-23
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.2
Civil and Political Rights of Minorities in Iraq After 2003

Fadhil Abbas Sabah Al-Kuraiti

, Bahram Montazeri *

, Khalid Oleiwi Jiad

, Mohammadreza Agharebparast

24-30
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.3
Study of Opportunities and Challenges of Cyberspace and Its Impact on Cybercrimes in the Armed Forces of Iran

Mohammad Amirmohammadi

, Saleh Abdinezhad *

, Alireza Shekarbeigi

31-49
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.4
Content Analysis of Upstream Policy Documents in Cyberspace

Roya Seddighi

, Akbar Nasrollahi *

, Mastooreh Ezzatzadeh

50-55
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.5
Analysis of Economic-Social Development Programs During the Second Pahlavi Era Based on Samuel Huntington's Theory

Soheila Shah Veisi

; Asghar Partovi *

; Mehdi Khoshkhati

56-66
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.6
The Logical Relationship Between National Interests and Ideology in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Mahan Maleki

, Jahanbakhsh Izadi *

, Hojjatollah Darvishpour

, Ahmad Bakhshayesh Ardestani

67-78
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.7
Telemedicine Civil Liability in the Legal Systems of Leading Countries

Reza Rastegar

; Mohammad Bagher Fijan *

; Dariush Babaei

79-89
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.8
Socio-Economic Transformations in Iran and India (1857–1904) in Alignment with the Modernization Project

Vahid Farshbaf Rashidi

, Malek Zolghadr *

, Abolfazl Lotfizadeh

104-111
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.10
Examining the Core Elements of Popper's Falsifiability Perspective and Their Compatibility

Farrouz Atai

; Mohammad Akvan *

; Mehdi Najafi Afra

112-127
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.11
A Comparative Study of Acceptable Judicial Proceedings in French and English Law and Its Realization in Iran

Adel Naseri

, Mahdi Firoozabadian *

, Ahmad Fadavi

, Hossein Rahmani

128-136
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.12
Legal and Economic Analysis of Municipal Contracts Regarding Urban Services

Javad Razavi Golchini

; Abdolhamid Mortazavi *

; Mehdi fallah Khariki

137-140
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.13
Jurisprudential and Legal Analysis of Organ Donation by Death Row Inmates

Ahmad Heydari

; Hassan Heydari *

; Hormoz Asadi Kohbad

141-147
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.14
Civil Liability Arising from Imposing Sanctions on International Trade Against Iran

Atefeh Hazegh

; Akram Tajik *

; Zahra Tajari Moazeni

148-158
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.15
Conflict of Interest in Governance Based on the New Islamic Civilization Model: Considering Public Law Principles

Khairollah Parvin *

; Amirhossein Khorshidi Organi

159-169
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.16
Feasibility of the Impact of Alimony for Poverty on Social Justice in Turkish Law

Marziyeh Salehi

; Saeid Mahjoub *

; Seyed Mahdi Mirdadashi

170-179
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.17
Development of Capabilities and Nafy al-Sabil in the Foreign Policy Authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Jafar Farhadi

; Hadi Azimi Garakani *

; Seyed Ali Pourmanouchehri

180-190
- PDF
- SUMMARY AUDIO
https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.4.1.18
Analysis of Sexual Disorders as a Cause for Seeking Divorce

Atiyeh Eskandari *

; Zahrasadat Mirhashemi

, Fariba Hajiali

View All Issues

Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics

The Geopolitical Importance of the Shiite Crescent and Its Future in Global Developments

Retributive Criminal Justice and Recidivism

Possible Legal Protections for Paintings Used in Architecture

Examining Iran's Diplomatic Relations from the Perspective of Port Engineering Development

Settlement of Disputes in Shared Water Law with an Emphasis on Judicial Precedent

Tourism Law and Crime Prevention Measures in the Tourism Industry

The Foundations of Criminalization and the Scope of Discretionary Punishments

The Role of Non-Binding Instruments of the International Maritime Organization in the Norm-Setting Process of Regulations Concerning Commercial Ships

About the Journal

Current Issue

Articles

The Impact of Social Media on the November 2019 Protests in Iran

The Rights of Third Parties Under the Principles and Rules Governing the Decision-Making Process in Joint Stock Companies in Iranian and English Law

Solutions to Remove Interferences and Supervisions Inconsistent with the Independence of the Legal Profession in Light of International Mechanisms and the French Legal System

A Sociological Perspective on an Engineering Issue: Social Consequences of Water Transfer Projects in the Province of Origin

Civil and Political Rights of Minorities in Iraq After 2003

Study of Opportunities and Challenges of Cyberspace and Its Impact on Cybercrimes in the Armed Forces of Iran

Content Analysis of Upstream Policy Documents in Cyberspace

Analysis of Economic-Social Development Programs During the Second Pahlavi Era Based on Samuel Huntington's Theory

The Logical Relationship Between National Interests and Ideology in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Telemedicine Civil Liability in the Legal Systems of Leading Countries

Socio-Economic Transformations in Iran and India (1857–1904) in Alignment with the Modernization Project

Examining the Core Elements of Popper's Falsifiability Perspective and Their Compatibility

A Comparative Study of Acceptable Judicial Proceedings in French and English Law and Its Realization in Iran

Legal and Economic Analysis of Municipal Contracts Regarding Urban Services

Jurisprudential and Legal Analysis of Organ Donation by Death Row Inmates

Civil Liability Arising from Imposing Sanctions on International Trade Against Iran

Conflict of Interest in Governance Based on the New Islamic Civilization Model: Considering Public Law Principles

Feasibility of the Impact of Alimony for Poverty on Social Justice in Turkish Law

Development of Capabilities and Nafy al-Sabil in the Foreign Policy Authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Analysis of Sexual Disorders as a Cause for Seeking Divorce

Make a Submission

Editorial Board

Keywords

Make a Submission

Journal Archive

Average time from submission until

Statistics

Indexing & Abstracting