Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics

Education is considered one of the main pillars of personality development and the consolidation of the value, national, and human identity of any society. Training and education within any social institution lead to socialization in various dimensions. The process of citizenship education, framed as human and collective life skills, is studied and examined explicitly and implicitly within educational institutions. Citizenship education and the understanding of the dimensions and principles of civic responsibility today play a crucial role in strengthening the collective spirit and social conscience of society. Citizenship features and civic responsibility are integral parts of collective life patterns, and governments are obligated to promote formal and informal education in this regard through social institutions and relevant organizations. Citizens' awareness of laws and regulations is one of the primary pillars of maintaining social order and observing civil rights in any society. In the crime investigation process, this awareness can have significant effects on adherence to the rule of law. The process of identifying and preventing crimes must remain within the framework of legal regulations, and citizens' awareness of their rights can be effective in this respect. Community awareness contributes to building a sound educational structure and reinforcing the inclination toward lawfulness among citizens. A citizen fully aware of their rights in society exhibits controlled and law-abiding behaviors, facilitating the social acceptance of these rights.

Population growth and the advancement and development of society have always led to an increase in construction activities. Looking back, we see that the transformation of traditional urban and rural residential structures into modern styles has resulted in high-rise buildings replacing traditional, old villas. Therefore, the formulation of regulations aligned with these advancements becomes necessary. Consequently, violations have increased, and former laws are insufficient to address these advancements, requiring a reconsideration of legislation. When examining Iranian laws concerning unauthorized construction, the Iranian legislator has not adopted a criminal approach to these issues. The Islamic Penal Code includes only a few articles, yet the extent to which these provisions are effective in deterring offenses resulting from unsafe construction requires further analysis. According to the Islamic Penal Code, addressing crimes related to construction often necessitates recourse to general laws concerning accidents. In cases involving crimes against individuals, the prosecution and punishment of those responsible for accidents caused by construction result in responses such as the imposition of blood money (diya), fines, and, in some instances, imprisonment. Thus, existing laws are ineffective in preventing crime, and the current approach of Iran’s legislative criminal policy in this area is inefficient.

Intangible Cultural Heritage is safeguarded under UNESCO 2003 Convention. However, it is threatened in armed conflicts by damages imposed to cultural properties, environment, and bearer communities. UNESCO 2003 Convention has not subjected armed conflicts directly. Hence, it is necessary to hire other legal regimes, including IHL to enhance the protection. IHL contributes the safeguarding by protection of the three components of the ICH, namely to cultural properties, environment, and bearer communities. This research examines such contribution.

War and peace are two distinct concepts, and consequently, their effects and consequences differ according to jurisprudential and legal principles. The historical background of both dates back to the very emergence of humanity. War, in a specific sense, refers to jihad, which is considered a divine duty and obligation, occupying a significant place in Islamic jurisprudence and receiving considerable attention in the verses of legal rulings (Ayat al-Ahkam). The true essence of what was performed as jihad was, in fact, "Jihad in the Path of Allah," with the primary aim of elevating the word of "Allah" and implementing human principles and values, including freedom, justice, and equality. Quranic verses on war and peace vary. Some prescribe war with non-Muslims under specific conditions, such as enemy aggression, while others are unconditional and recommend jihad without any preconditions. Despite the differing views of some jurists on this matter, many verses prioritize peace, and their context has led contemporary interpreters, both Shia and Sunni, to emphasize the defensive nature of the Quranic verses on jihad. The conclusion of war has historically been achieved either through the complete military defeat of one side or through surrender. Alternatively, at times, a balance of power has led to a ceasefire, ultimately resulting in peace through a negotiated agreement. This paper aims to analytically and descriptively address the various factors of peace and the conclusion of war as experienced and articulated in jurisprudence, law, and Islamic ethics. It asserts that the jurisprudential rulings and religious foundations of Islam, which align with human nature and its inherent demands, establish a framework for the fundamental principle of global peace.

In this discussion, we aim to address the topic of the formal challenges of criminal liability of legal persons in Iran's criminal justice system and the procedural issues associated with it. One of the innovations of the Islamic Penal Code ratified in 2013 is the recognition of criminal liability for legal persons. The significance and special status of legal persons in contemporary society compelled the legislator to establish this important institution in criminal law by dedicating several articles to it. Criminal liability of legal persons has not been discussed in Islamic jurisprudence. This research examines the criminal liability of legal persons in Iran's criminal justice system. The foundations of criminal liability of legal persons differ between jurisprudence and law, although there are similarities in the reasoning process; however, the methods of proof vary. The basis of the criminal liability of legal persons is vicarious liability. Legal persons may attempt to conceal their assets to evade the enforcement of criminal judgments. Additionally, corruption and collusion can influence judicial and enforcement procedures, thereby harming justice and trust in the judicial system. Delays in various stages of the judicial process, such as issuing judgments later than expected and delays in executing enforcement actions, can also reduce confidence in justice. Insufficient coordination and cooperation between judicial, enforcement, and law enforcement institutions can present obstacles to enforcing criminal judgments against legal persons. These challenges highlight the necessity of reforms and changes in Iran's judicial and criminal enforcement systems to improve procedural efficiency and enhance justice when dealing with legal persons who bear criminal liability. The research methodology is analytical and descriptive. The findings of this study emphasize reforming the perpetrator and facilitating fair trial proceedings, ensuring that the harm inflicted on victims is adequately compensated. Given the resources available to legal persons, they are in a better position than natural persons to compensate the victims of crimes. Punishing legal persons upholds the principle of equality before the law and the principle of the individuality of punishments, thereby promoting justice and fairness.

This article explores the role of major international football events in shaping foreign policy through the lens of sports diplomacy. As a global phenomenon with a vast following, football serves as an effective non-traditional tool for diplomatic engagement, transcending cultural and political boundaries. The study employs a descriptive narrative review to examine key instances where football events, such as the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship, have influenced bilateral and multilateral relations. The analysis highlights football's potential to project soft power, foster national pride, and facilitate dialogue among adversarial nations. Through various case studies, including the 1998 World Cup match between the United States and Iran and recent hosting examples like Russia 2018 and Qatar 2022, the research illustrates football’s effectiveness in altering international perceptions and advancing diplomatic goals. Additionally, the review addresses the complexities and limitations of football diplomacy, noting that geopolitical tensions, media portrayal, and ethical concerns can impact its efficacy. Despite these challenges, football remains a unique vehicle for diplomacy, offering opportunities for cultural exchange and international cooperation. By synthesizing historical and contemporary sources, this article contributes to understanding how sports, particularly football, continue to influence foreign policy and international relations on the global stage.

This article examines the essential role of impartiality and conflict of interest management in combating administrative corruption, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive legal framework, independent oversight, and modern technologies. The study highlights the need for clear, comprehensive, and harmonized laws that address all aspects of corruption, with stringent penalties for violations. Ensuring the independence and capability of oversight and judicial institutions is crucial for effective law enforcement, as is the establishment of internal oversight mechanisms to prevent corruption within these bodies. The article underscores the role of education and cultural development, recommending continuous training for government employees and promoting an organizational culture based on transparency and impartiality. Additionally, modern technologies such as information management systems, online reporting platforms, and big data analytics are proposed as tools to enhance transparency and efficiency in the fight against corruption. Public access to financial and performance information through online platforms, alongside anonymous reporting systems, is identified as key to strengthening public oversight. The article stresses the importance of simplifying bureaucratic procedures to reduce complexity, improve operational efficiency, and curb corrupt practices. The study advocates for continuous review and amendment of laws in line with international standards, the provision of political and legal support to oversight bodies, and the creation of inter-institutional coordination to prevent conflicts and ambiguities in law enforcement. By drawing on successful experiences from other countries and adapting them to domestic contexts, the article concludes that these comprehensive strategies can significantly reduce corruption, increase public trust, and improve the efficiency of administrative systems in Iran. Key policy recommendations include strengthening the legal framework, enhancing oversight and judicial institutions, improving transparency, and fostering public participation in monitoring governmental activities.

Electronic monitoring, as an alternative to imprisonment, became a part of England's penal policy in the 1990s. Since then, it has been applied in various cases, such as low-risk offenses, suspended sentences, and bail conditions. This method has helped reduce the costs of prisoner maintenance and overcrowding in prisons, while also facilitating the rehabilitation and social reintegration of offenders. However, challenges such as privacy violations, human rights criticisms, and the technological costs of these systems remain topics of discussion. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines key laws regarding electronic monitoring in England, including the Criminal Justice Acts of 1991, 2003, and 2012, and analyzes examples of related judicial cases. The results indicate that electronic monitoring, in some cases, has contributed to crime reduction and social reintegration, but its effectiveness depends on the type of offense, social conditions, and its combination with other monitoring tools. Ultimately, the research concludes that electronic monitoring can be an effective tool in offender management but requires ongoing reforms and evaluation to address the challenges it faces and improve its efficiency.