Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics

This article aims to demonstrate that Schiller began his aesthetic thought by critically evaluating Kant's Critique of Judgment. What most prompted Schiller to reflect and subsequently develop his own theories was Kant's dualism concerning the relationship between necessity and freedom, or the dichotomy of sense and reason. Schiller's dissatisfaction with these dualisms led him to pursue unity, ultimately finding that the perception of beauty is a harmonizing experience. In his critique of Kant's purely subjectivist view of beauty, Schiller introduced an objective concept of beauty as freedom in appearance. Finally, in an attempt to reconcile the two realms of aesthetic and moral experience, Schiller criticized Kant’s distinction between aesthetics and ethics, arguing that for humans to become moral, they require preparatory measures, which can only be provided through aesthetic education.

This theoretical study examines the impacts of drug legalization on crime rates across various provinces of Iran, integrating theoretical frameworks with hypothetical findings presented by existing global literature on drug policy reform. Through qualitative analysis and insights from experts, the study identifies key issues, including the reduction of drug-related arrests, shifts in drug trafficking dynamics, improvements in public health, and concerns related to the normalization of drug use. By comparing these outcomes with similar cases in Portugal, the United States, and the Netherlands, this research highlights the complexity of the effects of drug legalization and emphasizes regional variations and the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in policy formulation. The analysis of the findings indicates that while drug legalization can offer significant benefits in terms of judicial relief and public health, careful examination of the social, legal, and enforcement challenges in the process of drug legalization is crucial. This study reveals the political, social, and legal implications and the inherent limitations of the theoretical approach to drug legalization within the context of Iran

Symbolism and Surrealism, as two artistic and literary movements, aim to discover hidden and spiritual realities through the deep layers of the human mind and imagination. Symbolism, which emerged as a reaction against Naturalism and Positivism, believes in a reality beyond the perceptible world that is depicted through symbols, dreams, and imagination. Meanwhile, Surrealism, deeply influenced by Freud’s psychoanalytic theories, emphasizes the unconscious and dreams, seeking hidden truths through unusual perceptions and mental imagery. In this context, the thoughts of Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi, especially in the realm of sleep, dreams, and the world of imagination, establish a profound connection between Islamic mysticism and these two movements. Ibn Arabi considers dreams as a means of accessing spiritual worlds and embodying meanings in symbols, a view that aligns with the approach of Symbolists and Surrealists in uncovering hidden realities. This article examines the comparative concepts of dreams and imagination in Symbolism and Surrealism and compares them with Ibn Arabi's mystical revelations in the discovery of symbolic secrets. The results of this study show that both movements utilize the capacities of the unconscious and symbolism to uncover a reality beyond apparent truths. However, Ibn Arabi employs divine revelation and symbols to understand the ultimate truth, while Surrealism focuses on mental complexities and the inner world. This comparative analysis contributes to a new understanding of the interactions between meaning and the unconscious in these two intellectual currents and highlights the central role of Ibn Arabi in advancing discussions related to hidden and internal realities in the expression of the symbols of art and literature.

One of the contracts commonly used in various forms in society today is the contract of deposit. The Civil Code, from Article 607 onwards, defines this contract and explains its rulings and effects. Similarly, the concept of trust (Trust) is one of the fundamental and widely used concepts in the legal systems of countries like the United States and England, which are influenced by their legal system. In this institution, the owner, by relinquishing their ownership rights, subjects it to a trust and transfers their legal ownership rights to a person called the trustee. Loan, in the jurisprudence and law of Iran, refers to a revocable contract by which one party permits the other party to use the property without compensation for a specified period. Therefore, the author, in this article, compares the legal effects of trust with deposit and loan in the legal systems of Iran, England, and France in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results indicate that, according to English law and the resulting interpretations, trust is not considered a contract and can somewhat be categorized under agreements. Trust cannot be regarded as a real contract in the sense commonly used in Iranian law.

The issue of substance is considered one of the most important topics in Aristotle’s philosophy, and understanding it can lead to a better comprehension of the intellectual system of this great Greek philosopher. Aristotle built his philosophy on the recognition of ousia or substance, and all the pillars of his intellectual system, including ontology, epistemology, theology, and cosmology, depend on the essence and form, which in his philosophical system are equivalent to ousia and substance. Thus, it can rightly be said that Aristotle's philosophy is a substantial metaphysics. In Aristotle's metaphysical thought, the essence and whatness always indicate a form of substance, or in other terms, "this thing here." Therefore, the essence and whatness are absolutely predicated upon substance. As Aristotle states in his discussion of definition, the definition pertains solely to substance, and the definition of other categories follows from this. From this perspective, it can be said that whatness pertains only and exclusively to substance, and by this substance, he means substance in its primary sense. Hence, in the present research, we seek to explore Aristotle’s thought regarding the scope and whatness of an object and to show the implications of his theory in physics and metaphysics, addressing the question of whether the whatness of an object is precisely the object and its substance, or something else.

Judicial presumption, as one of the tools for discovering the truth in the judicial system, particularly in civil proceedings, holds a significant position. This paper meticulously examines this matter from the perspective of Iran's legislative system and the United States Federal Rules of Evidence. Thus, we faced certain questions and sought to provide convincing answers to the following issues: Firstly, how does the system of evidence view this matter, and secondly, what is the status of this evidentiary reasoning in the United States Federal Rules of Evidence? The present research adopts a descriptive and analytical approach, using a library-based method for data collection. The concept of judicial presumption, as a tool for presenting specific evidence in each case, is not only beyond the drafting and specific legal framework of each country but is also an external reality that every legal system must address to ensure comprehensiveness and justice. Initially, we presented general concepts of comparative studies, then discussed the existing judicial procedures in both legal systems, and identified those fundamental legal concepts that have mutual influence with the concept of judicial presumption. We examined these concepts in the context of the origins of each legal system with an approach that considers the fundamental events and thoughts surrounding these related concepts.

In international criminal practice, the International Criminal Court (ICC) is the most important body for addressing crimes and accusations, operating based on the Rome Statute. For the Court to carry out its functions and activities, it must have standardized criminal procedures, one of which is the collection and evaluation of evidence by the Prosecutor. The Prosecutor is tasked with gathering evidence related to the committed crimes and submitting them for trial. Although the collection and evaluation of evidence by the ICC Prosecutor is derived from the common law legal system, it goes beyond the scope of this legal system by undertaking much broader actions to access available documents and evidence. However, certain challenges are evident in the Court's judicial practice. The aim of this article is to examine these challenges and highlight their weaknesses, which can be observed in various cases. Therefore, through a descriptive-analytical and library-based method, this study examines the role of the Prosecutor in the collection and evaluation of evidence in the ICC. The findings indicate that, based on the Rome Statute, the Prosecutor plays a crucial role in the collection and evaluation of evidence. However, in practice, as seen in the Gbagbo case, the Court may entirely reject the Prosecutor's evidence, which stems from the weaknesses of the Prosecutor and particularly the Office of the Prosecutor. Depending on the different prosecutors, the Court may witness varying practices.

Criminology, as an interdisciplinary field, can play an effective role in the development and improvement of criminal justice systems. However, in Iranian public criminal law, the application of criminological teachings faces numerous challenges. This article examines these challenges and provides solutions to enhance the use of criminological findings in the Iranian criminal justice system. Some of the key challenges include limitations in the language of criminal laws and their intersection with criminological teachings, insufficient awareness and transparency among judicial actors regarding criminological concepts, the imported nature of criminological theories, the punitive culture of society, and the lack of necessary education in criminological research methods. In contrast, solutions such as the localization of criminological teachings, emphasizing criminological studies, field interviews, and statistical research, raising judges' awareness of the functions of criminology, and applying modern penalties can facilitate the incorporation of criminological teachings into Iranian public criminal law. The aim of this article is to identify obstacles and propose strategies for increasing the connection between criminology and Iranian public criminal law.