Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics

This article examines the essential role of impartiality and conflict of interest management in combating administrative corruption, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive legal framework, independent oversight, and modern technologies. The study highlights the need for clear, comprehensive, and harmonized laws that address all aspects of corruption, with stringent penalties for violations. Ensuring the independence and capability of oversight and judicial institutions is crucial for effective law enforcement, as is the establishment of internal oversight mechanisms to prevent corruption within these bodies. The article underscores the role of education and cultural development, recommending continuous training for government employees and promoting an organizational culture based on transparency and impartiality. Additionally, modern technologies such as information management systems, online reporting platforms, and big data analytics are proposed as tools to enhance transparency and efficiency in the fight against corruption. Public access to financial and performance information through online platforms, alongside anonymous reporting systems, is identified as key to strengthening public oversight. The article stresses the importance of simplifying bureaucratic procedures to reduce complexity, improve operational efficiency, and curb corrupt practices. The study advocates for continuous review and amendment of laws in line with international standards, the provision of political and legal support to oversight bodies, and the creation of inter-institutional coordination to prevent conflicts and ambiguities in law enforcement. By drawing on successful experiences from other countries and adapting them to domestic contexts, the article concludes that these comprehensive strategies can significantly reduce corruption, increase public trust, and improve the efficiency of administrative systems in Iran. Key policy recommendations include strengthening the legal framework, enhancing oversight and judicial institutions, improving transparency, and fostering public participation in monitoring governmental activities.

Electronic monitoring, as an alternative to imprisonment, became a part of England's penal policy in the 1990s. Since then, it has been applied in various cases, such as low-risk offenses, suspended sentences, and bail conditions. This method has helped reduce the costs of prisoner maintenance and overcrowding in prisons, while also facilitating the rehabilitation and social reintegration of offenders. However, challenges such as privacy violations, human rights criticisms, and the technological costs of these systems remain topics of discussion. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines key laws regarding electronic monitoring in England, including the Criminal Justice Acts of 1991, 2003, and 2012, and analyzes examples of related judicial cases. The results indicate that electronic monitoring, in some cases, has contributed to crime reduction and social reintegration, but its effectiveness depends on the type of offense, social conditions, and its combination with other monitoring tools. Ultimately, the research concludes that electronic monitoring can be an effective tool in offender management but requires ongoing reforms and evaluation to address the challenges it faces and improve its efficiency.

This article aims to demonstrate that Schiller began his aesthetic thought by critically evaluating Kant's Critique of Judgment. What most prompted Schiller to reflect and subsequently develop his own theories was Kant's dualism concerning the relationship between necessity and freedom, or the dichotomy of sense and reason. Schiller's dissatisfaction with these dualisms led him to pursue unity, ultimately finding that the perception of beauty is a harmonizing experience. In his critique of Kant's purely subjectivist view of beauty, Schiller introduced an objective concept of beauty as freedom in appearance. Finally, in an attempt to reconcile the two realms of aesthetic and moral experience, Schiller criticized Kant’s distinction between aesthetics and ethics, arguing that for humans to become moral, they require preparatory measures, which can only be provided through aesthetic education.

This theoretical study examines the impacts of drug legalization on crime rates across various provinces of Iran, integrating theoretical frameworks with hypothetical findings presented by existing global literature on drug policy reform. Through qualitative analysis and insights from experts, the study identifies key issues, including the reduction of drug-related arrests, shifts in drug trafficking dynamics, improvements in public health, and concerns related to the normalization of drug use. By comparing these outcomes with similar cases in Portugal, the United States, and the Netherlands, this research highlights the complexity of the effects of drug legalization and emphasizes regional variations and the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in policy formulation. The analysis of the findings indicates that while drug legalization can offer significant benefits in terms of judicial relief and public health, careful examination of the social, legal, and enforcement challenges in the process of drug legalization is crucial. This study reveals the political, social, and legal implications and the inherent limitations of the theoretical approach to drug legalization within the context of Iran

This study aims to investigate the relationship between good governance and its effects on social order, social commitment, and citizens' belief in social values in the city of Garmsar, Iran. Good governance is considered a key factor in fostering social cohesion and public trust, especially in diverse communities like Garmsar. By analyzing these relationships, the study seeks to highlight the impact of governance practices on social dynamics. The research employs a quantitative survey design, using a structured questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 384 citizens in Garmsar. Participants were selected using multi-stage cluster and quota sampling techniques to ensure demographic representation. The questionnaire assessed perceptions of good governance, social order, social commitment, and belief in social values using a Likert scale. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation tests was conducted to explore the relationships between the variables. The findings reveal significant positive correlations between good governance and all three dimensions studied. Good governance was moderately correlated with social commitment (r = 0.366, p < 0.01) and social order (r = 0.321, p < 0.01), while the relationship with belief in social values was weaker but still significant (r = 0.181, p < 0.01). These results suggest that effective governance contributes to stronger social cohesion and commitment, though its influence on citizens' belief in social values is less pronounced. The study concludes that good governance plays a critical role in enhancing social order and commitment among citizens. While governance positively influences belief in social values, other cultural and religious factors may also play a significant role. Strengthening transparency, accountability, and public participation is essential for fostering social cohesion in ethnically diverse communities like Garmsar.

Symbolism and Surrealism, as two artistic and literary movements, aim to discover hidden and spiritual realities through the deep layers of the human mind and imagination. Symbolism, which emerged as a reaction against Naturalism and Positivism, believes in a reality beyond the perceptible world that is depicted through symbols, dreams, and imagination. Meanwhile, Surrealism, deeply influenced by Freud’s psychoanalytic theories, emphasizes the unconscious and dreams, seeking hidden truths through unusual perceptions and mental imagery. In this context, the thoughts of Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi, especially in the realm of sleep, dreams, and the world of imagination, establish a profound connection between Islamic mysticism and these two movements. Ibn Arabi considers dreams as a means of accessing spiritual worlds and embodying meanings in symbols, a view that aligns with the approach of Symbolists and Surrealists in uncovering hidden realities. This article examines the comparative concepts of dreams and imagination in Symbolism and Surrealism and compares them with Ibn Arabi's mystical revelations in the discovery of symbolic secrets. The results of this study show that both movements utilize the capacities of the unconscious and symbolism to uncover a reality beyond apparent truths. However, Ibn Arabi employs divine revelation and symbols to understand the ultimate truth, while Surrealism focuses on mental complexities and the inner world. This comparative analysis contributes to a new understanding of the interactions between meaning and the unconscious in these two intellectual currents and highlights the central role of Ibn Arabi in advancing discussions related to hidden and internal realities in the expression of the symbols of art and literature.

One of the contracts commonly used in various forms in society today is the contract of deposit. The Civil Code, from Article 607 onwards, defines this contract and explains its rulings and effects. Similarly, the concept of trust (Trust) is one of the fundamental and widely used concepts in the legal systems of countries like the United States and England, which are influenced by their legal system. In this institution, the owner, by relinquishing their ownership rights, subjects it to a trust and transfers their legal ownership rights to a person called the trustee. Loan, in the jurisprudence and law of Iran, refers to a revocable contract by which one party permits the other party to use the property without compensation for a specified period. Therefore, the author, in this article, compares the legal effects of trust with deposit and loan in the legal systems of Iran, England, and France in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results indicate that, according to English law and the resulting interpretations, trust is not considered a contract and can somewhat be categorized under agreements. Trust cannot be regarded as a real contract in the sense commonly used in Iranian law.

The issue of substance is considered one of the most important topics in Aristotle’s philosophy, and understanding it can lead to a better comprehension of the intellectual system of this great Greek philosopher. Aristotle built his philosophy on the recognition of ousia or substance, and all the pillars of his intellectual system, including ontology, epistemology, theology, and cosmology, depend on the essence and form, which in his philosophical system are equivalent to ousia and substance. Thus, it can rightly be said that Aristotle's philosophy is a substantial metaphysics. In Aristotle's metaphysical thought, the essence and whatness always indicate a form of substance, or in other terms, "this thing here." Therefore, the essence and whatness are absolutely predicated upon substance. As Aristotle states in his discussion of definition, the definition pertains solely to substance, and the definition of other categories follows from this. From this perspective, it can be said that whatness pertains only and exclusively to substance, and by this substance, he means substance in its primary sense. Hence, in the present research, we seek to explore Aristotle’s thought regarding the scope and whatness of an object and to show the implications of his theory in physics and metaphysics, addressing the question of whether the whatness of an object is precisely the object and its substance, or something else.