The Impact of Major Sporting Events on Foreign Policy: Football and Diplomacy on the Global Stage

Abstract

This article explores the role of major international football events in shaping foreign policy through the lens of sports diplomacy. As a global phenomenon with a vast following, football serves as an effective non-traditional tool for diplomatic engagement, transcending cultural and political boundaries. The study employs a descriptive narrative review to examine key instances where football events, such as the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship, have influenced bilateral and multilateral relations. The analysis highlights football's potential to project soft power, foster national pride, and facilitate dialogue among adversarial nations. Through various case studies, including the 1998 World Cup match between the United States and Iran and recent hosting examples like Russia 2018 and Qatar 2022, the research illustrates football’s effectiveness in altering international perceptions and advancing diplomatic goals. Additionally, the review addresses the complexities and limitations of football diplomacy, noting that geopolitical tensions, media portrayal, and ethical concerns can impact its efficacy. Despite these challenges, football remains a unique vehicle for diplomacy, offering opportunities for cultural exchange and international cooperation. By synthesizing historical and contemporary sources, this article contributes to understanding how sports, particularly football, continue to influence foreign policy and international relations on the global stage.