The Robustness of Judicial Rulings through Biometrics and the Principles Governing Its Probative Value
Keywords:
'Ilm-e Qāḍī (Judicial Knowledge), Biometrics, Acquisition of Evidence, Amāreh-ye Qażā'ī (Judicial Presumption), Material Element, Mental Element, Judicial RulingAbstract
One of the most effective strategies to counter the significant advancement of criminal activities alongside technological development is the modernization of crime detection methods. In this regard, biometric technology, as a knowledge-based tool, provides an advanced means for crime analysis, offender identification, the collection and documentation of criminal evidence, and the enhancement of judicial decision-making. By facilitating the acquisition of reliable evidence, biometrics contributes significantly to expediting judicial proceedings and promoting the issuance of well-founded and just judicial decisions. This study aims to elucidate how biometric evidence can legally and practically strengthen judicial rulings within the framework of Islamic jurisprudence. This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach based on library research to examine the role of biometric technology in strengthening judicial rulings. The findings indicate that, given the recognition of 'Ilm-e Qāḍī (Judicial Knowledge) as an independent means of proof in criminal proceedings and the growing application of biometric science in evidence gathering, the judge's Iqnāʿ-e Vojdānī (Inner Judicial Conviction) is formed through the interaction of two complementary elements. The first is the material element, consisting of the objective findings generated through biometric technology, which function as Amāreh-ye Qażā'ī (Judicial Presumptions) obtained through expert analysis. The second is the mental element, namely the judge's judicial knowledge arising from the evaluation of those findings. Together, these two elements provide a sound basis for the issuance of robust judicial rulings. For biometric evidence to possess probative value, however, its admissibility must satisfy the governing legal principles, including the lawful and voluntary acquisition of evidence free from coercion, the authenticity and legitimacy of the evidence, and its free judicial evaluation to ensure conformity with reality and to establish the judge's confidence.
Downloads
References
Al-Suyuri, J. a.-D. M. i. A. A. (1983). Al-Tanqih al-Ra'i' li-Mukhtasar al-Shara'i' (1st ed.). Ayatollah Marashi Library.
Al-Tusi, M. i. H. (2008). Al-Mabsut. Al-Maktabah li-Ihya' al-Athar al-Ja'fariyyah.
Araki, M. A. (1994). Istifta'at: Legal Opinions (1st ed.). Nashr-e Ma'ruf.
Askafi, I. J. (1995). Majmu'at al-Fatawa. Islamic Publications.
Golpayegani, S. M. R. (1992). Kitab al-Qada'. Dar al-Qur'an al-Karim.
Haeri, S. K. H. (1994). Al-Qada' fi al-Fiqh al-Islami. Majma'-e Andisheh-ye Eslami.
Hasanzadeh, M. (2007). The Relationship between Expert Opinion and Testimony in Islamic Jurisprudence and Law. Islamic Law Journal(4).
Hilli, H. i. Y. (1992). Qawa'id al-Ahkam. Islamic Publications.
Hosseini Shirazi, M. (1986). Al-Fiqh (2nd ed.). Dar al-'Ulum.
Ibn Hamzah, a.-T. (1987). Al-Wasilah. Ayatollah Marashi Publications.
Iraqi, A. Z. a.-D. (2000). Taqrirat li-l-Najmabadi. Islamic Ma'arif Institute.
Jafari Langroudi, M. J. f. (1992). Daneshnameh-ye Huquqi: Legal Encyclopedia. Ganj-e Danesh Library.
Jafari Langroudi, M. J. f. (1999). Mabsut dar Terminology-ye Huquq: Expanded Legal Terminology. Ganj-e Danesh Publications.
Jalali, A. A., & Rajabi Nasabi, M. (2008). Biometrics: A Security Tool for the Citizens of the Third Millennium. Karagah(4).
Katouzian, N. (2004). The Nature and Effect of Judicial Presumption. Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran(64).
Kazempour, Z., & Shirzadi, E. (2013). The Necessity of Employing Biometric Technology to Enhance Information Security with a Passive Defense Approach. Passive Defense and Security Journal, 1(3).
Khaefi, A. (2003). The Judicial System in Islam.
Khomeini, R. Tahrir al-Wasilah. Dar al-'Ilm Publications.
Makarem Shirazi, N. (2001). Istifta'at-e Jadid. Madrasat al-Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Publications.
Mehrpour, H. (1993). New Perspectives on Legal Issues (1st ed.). Ettelaat Institute.
Modarresi, A., & Kourehpaz, M. (2017). Biometric Technology: From the Classical to the Modern Approach. Karagah(40).
Najafi, M. H. (1983). Jawahir al-Kalam. Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah.
Naraqi, A. (1986). 'Awa'id al-Ayyam (1st ed.). Islamic Propagation Office.
Rezaei, R. (2011). A Jurisprudential Study of the Validity of Electronic Documents. Huquq Journal(17).
Rezaei, S. Y., Afkhami, M., & Sajadian, A. (2010). The Role of Biometric Factors in Personal Identification. International Police Studies Journal(2).
Rowshan-Qalb Deylami, I., Hendiani, A., Fakhrz, M., & Talebian, H. (2021). Crime Evidence Collection Based on Biometrics. Karagah(54).
Sadr, S. M. B. (1987). Mabahith al-Usul (1st ed.). Maktab al-I'lam al-Islami.
Sayyid Murtada, A. i. H. (1994). Al-Intisar. Islamic Publications.
Sha'rani, A. Al-Madkhal ila 'Adhb al-Manhal fi Usul al-Fiqh.
Shahid al-Thani, Z. a.-D. i. A. (1992). Masalik al-Afham. Mu'assasat al-Ma'arif al-Islamiyyah.
Shahroudi, S. M. (2002). A'in-e Dadresi dar Islam: Judicial Procedure in Islam. University of Tehran Press.
Shams, A. (2009). A'in-e Dadresi-ye Madani: Civil Procedure (14th ed.). Derak Publications.
Tabrizi, M. J. Usus al-Qada' wa al-Shahadah: Foundations of Adjudication and Testimony (1st ed.). Imam Sadiq Institute.
Downloads
Additional Files
Publication Timeline
- Submitted
- Revised
- Accepted
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Eftekhar Daneshpour (Corresponding author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
