KMAN Publication Incorporation Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics 3060-5687 5 Serial Number 16 2026 03 01 Examining Types of Punishments in Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī with Reference to Iranian Criminal Law Examining Types of Punishments in Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī with Reference to Iranian Criminal Law 1 9 10.61838/kman.isslp.372 EN Journal Article 2025 06 07 <p>Punishment is one of the three stages that is clarified after the analysis of crime and the offender. In fact, precision in the type of restriction on individual liberty (crime) and discernment regarding the persons who fall within this restriction (offender) will be fruitless if they do not correspond to the type of reaction taken and the penalty imposed. The Bayhaqī era was an age of dictatorship and classical subjugation through harsh punishments. However, it is advisable not to be deceived by the seemingly correct functioning of the modern era when examining the criminal flaws of that period. Modern slavery, under the principle of legality of crimes and punishments, can be far more insidious and sophisticated in leading individuals into the abyss of injustice without their awareness. By studying the Bayhaqī era, we aim to reveal and shed light on this plundering of the body and soul of individuals.</p> https://journalisslp.com/index.php/isslp/article/download/372/677